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hello and welcome to nasa headquarters

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in washington dc i'm steve cole with the

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office of communications we're here

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today to tell you about nasa's next

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earth science mission the orbiting

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carbon observatory 2 set to launch on

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july 1st

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oco-2 is nasa's first dedicated

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spacecraft to measuring carbon dioxide

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and earth's atmosphere this greenhouse

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gas is a key factor in understanding

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climate change

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today we have four panelists here to

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talk to you from the mission let me

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introduce you to them first will be

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betsy edwards oco-2 program executive

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from the science mission directorate

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here at nasa headquarters

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ralph basilio oco-2 project manager

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at nasa's jet propulsion laboratory in

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pasadena california

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mike gunson oco-2 project scientist also

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from

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jpl and our fourth presenter is

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anne-marie eldering oco-2 deputy project

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scientist at jpl

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after our presentations we'll take

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questions from the media here in the

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auditorium on the phone line and from

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people who are watching on nasa

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television if you're watching online and

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would like to ask a question

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during the question and answer period

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you can do post it to twitter

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and use the hashtag ask nasa

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okay then we'll begin with betsy

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good afternoon

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the orbiting carbon observatory ii

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we call it oco-2

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we'll join our 17 operational earth

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science missions

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in studying the earth as a system when

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it launches from the vandenberg air

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force base in california on july the 1st

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we could have our first picture please

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these missions together with our

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ambitious set of earth science

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airborne and ground-based measurements

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will monitor the earth's vital signs

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oco2 in particular

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will measure carbon global

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concentrations of carbon dioxide and

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watch the earth breathe

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as we measure

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the greenhouse gas that drives climate

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change

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the timing for this mission couldn't be

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more appropriate given the

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administration's climate action plan

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recently released

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focused on reducing carbon emissions

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as steve said

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oco-2 is our first nasa mission

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dedicated to studying carbon dioxide

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and this makes it of critical importance

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to the scientists who are trying to

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understand the impact of humans on our

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global climate change

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we could start the first video please

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this calendar year has been will be an

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auspicious year for earth science as it

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will see five mission launches we are

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number two

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these launches will seek to address the

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most pressing issues facing our planet

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today

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issues like

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sea level change

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fresh water resources extreme weather

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events and of course climate change

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climate change is the challenge of our

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generation

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and nasa is particularly ready to study

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things and to provide information on

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documenting and understanding what these

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changes are in the climate

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in predicting the impacts of these

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changes to the earth

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and in sharing all of this information

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that we gather for the benefit of

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society

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as we launch oco2

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the data we provide will help our

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decision makers at both the local and

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federal levels to better be to be better

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equipped to understand

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carbon dioxide's role in climate change

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because oco2 will be measuring this

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greenhouse globally and understanding

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and providing new insight into where and

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how the carbon dioxide is moving into

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the oco2 satellite has one instrument

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a three-channel grading spectrometer

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but with that one instrument we're going

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to collect hundreds of thousands of

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measurements each day

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which will then provide a global

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description of carbon dioxide in the

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atmosphere and it's going to be an

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unprecedented level of coverage and

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resolution something we've not seen

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before with previous spacecraft

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if we could see our start our next video

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please

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the oco-2 spacecraft

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because of the way it's orbiting in its

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polar orbit we'll see locations on the

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earth at the same time of day but every

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16 days and then over the change of

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seasons providing new insight into how

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carbon dioxide levels are changing over

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time

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and this change will ultimately provide

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patterns over weeks or months or years

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as scientists attempt to unravel

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the oco-2 spacecraft came into being as

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the result of the unfortunate 2009

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failure of the launch vehicle that

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contained the original oco spacecraft

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but due to the importance of this

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mission to the scientific community and

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to society

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nasa was given permission to rebuild the

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shortly after the launch the loss of our

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first satellite

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the science team from the japanese

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greenhouse gases observing satellite or

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gosat

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reached out to nasa and invited our oco

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science team to participate with them

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in evaluating and understanding the

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gosat data

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and this collaboration has now gone on

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for several years

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after the launch of gosat in 2009

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and the the science team here has now

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been using that gosat data for the past

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several years in helping to refine their

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data processing algorithms

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of course this cooperation is benefiting

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both teams

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and it will be strengthened as soon as

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we get oco2 on orbit and can share our

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data with them

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the scientists are eagerly anticipating

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the ability to merge our oco2 data with

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their gosat data and helping them to

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advance their knowledge in understanding

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the carbon cycle

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the oco-2 mission in conjunction with

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our robust

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set of earth science space-based and

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airborne observations our ground-based

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measurements

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and our data processing activities

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will yield unparalleled new insights

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into the the earth as a system

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we are eagerly anticipating the july 1st

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launch of oco-2

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so we can all watch the earth breathe

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and now i'd like to turn it over to our

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project manager ralph brasilio

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thank you very much betsy

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so nasa's jet propulsion laboratory and

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orbital sciences corporation have been

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working quite diligently since the oco2

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project's inception in march of 2010.

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project team has actually been working

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quite hard to deliver on the promises

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that were made on the original ocl

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mission

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basically

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obtaining measurements of carbon dioxide

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from space with the precision resolution

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and coverage that's required in order

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for us to improve our understanding of

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the carbon cycle and the global climate

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change processes

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now we've taken full advantage of all of

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the existing designs and documentation

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from the original oco mission

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sometimes we refer to oco 2 as a carbon

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copy of the original oco mission

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well it's not quite an identical twin

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but i am happy to report as the project

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manager as team has done a great job we

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fully expect to meet the technical

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schedule and cost commitments

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now may please roll the first clip

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so

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in the eight months since

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august of 2013

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to april of this year the observatory

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which consists of a standard spacecraft

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bus and a single instrument went through

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a comprehensive and successful ground

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test program

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simulation of the environments that the

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observatory is going to see

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during the launch and actually during

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space operations so the dynamic

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environment

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of launch vehicle as well as the cold

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and hot temperature extremes and the

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vacuum of space

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after the observatory was tested at the

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orbital facility in gilbert arizona it

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was transported overland to the

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vandenberg air force base on

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california's central coast

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and upon arrival at the payload

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processing facility

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the shipping container half was hoisted

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off of the observatory and the

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protective black plastic covering

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covering the observatory was removed

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and once that was completed the process

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team there at vandenberg was able to

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complete some additional activities

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so

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upon arrival at that payload processing

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facility we've done three important

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things number one

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we've gone ahead and reconditioned and

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recharged our battery

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number two we've gone ahead and

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performed what we call a series of post

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shipment tests we really want to make

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sure that the spacecraft meets our

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functional and performance

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specifications even after the overland

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transportation

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and finally we've added enough hydrazine

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fuel on the observatory to make sure

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that we can operate the mission well

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beyond the nominal two-year lifetime

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now

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combined operations meaning operations

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between the launch vehicle and the

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observatory commenced this last tuesdays

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june 10th

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and combined operations will continue

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through launch

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so we can roll the second clip

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so the united launch alliance delta ii

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rocket will launch the

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oco-2

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observatory into space on july 1st

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at 2 56 a.m pacific daylight time

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about five minutes into the flight the

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booster or the first stage will burn out

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and be jettisoned the launch vehicle's

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second stage will ignite and shortly

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after the two protective halves of the

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payload fairing will separate exposing

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the observatory to the space environment

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now after a relatively long unpowered

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cruise phase

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this observatory will actually be

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separated from the launch vehicle second

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stage we hope to be able to capture this

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separation event through a camera that's

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mounted on the launch vehicle second

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stage

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the separation work will occur in broad

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daylight

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now about three minutes after the

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separation there'll be an onboard

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command sequence in the observatory that

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will begin executing

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so three primary things will happen

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number one we'll establish

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communications with the ground

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number two this observatory will begin

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stabilizing itself and finally number

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three the solar rays will deploy

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and we expect the observatory to be in

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what we call a power positive state

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about two and a half minutes after

290
00:11:43,750 --> 00:11:42,720
launch or two hours and 30 minutes after

291
00:11:45,350 --> 00:11:43,760
launch

292
00:11:47,030 --> 00:11:45,360
and what does that mean that means that

293
00:11:49,590 --> 00:11:47,040
the sole arrays are going to provide

294
00:11:51,990 --> 00:11:49,600
weld and enough power to go ahead and

295
00:11:54,790 --> 00:11:52,000
provide the resources that are required

296
00:11:57,030 --> 00:11:54,800
on the observatory

297
00:11:59,430 --> 00:11:57,040
so after the spacecraft has been

298
00:12:02,389 --> 00:11:59,440
stabilized we will basically go through

299
00:12:04,389 --> 00:12:02,399
what we call a spacecraft spacecraft

300
00:12:05,990 --> 00:12:04,399
checkout phase that'll take on the order

301
00:12:08,310 --> 00:12:06,000
about a week or two

302
00:12:10,710 --> 00:12:08,320
and what does that mean we will go ahead

303
00:12:12,550 --> 00:12:10,720
and configure spacecraft components for

304
00:12:15,110 --> 00:12:12,560
in-flight operations

305
00:12:16,790 --> 00:12:15,120
for example turning on the gps or the

306
00:12:18,069 --> 00:12:16,800
global positioning satellite system

307
00:12:19,829 --> 00:12:18,079
receiver

308
00:12:22,230 --> 00:12:19,839
and upon completing that spacecraft

309
00:12:24,470 --> 00:12:22,240
checkout period we'll go ahead and start

310
00:12:25,829 --> 00:12:24,480
what we call the ascent phase or

311
00:12:27,829 --> 00:12:25,839
maneuver phase

312
00:12:29,990 --> 00:12:27,839
so if i can get the next graphic on the

313
00:12:32,230 --> 00:12:30,000
slide please

314
00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:32,240
so we'll can we'll perform a series of

315
00:12:37,430 --> 00:12:34,480
what's called propulsive maneuvers to

316
00:12:41,190 --> 00:12:37,440
raise the altitude of the observatory to

317
00:12:43,350 --> 00:12:41,200
the 705 kilometer orbiting altitude

318
00:12:45,110 --> 00:12:43,360
or operational altitude and the

319
00:12:46,949 --> 00:12:45,120
spacecraft will take its place as the

320
00:12:49,910 --> 00:12:46,959
lead satellite and what we call the

321
00:12:51,670 --> 00:12:49,920
afternoon or the a-train constellation

322
00:12:53,509 --> 00:12:51,680
now the constellation is a group of

323
00:12:55,430 --> 00:12:53,519
satellites that will be flying in

324
00:12:56,949 --> 00:12:55,440
formation with one another

325
00:12:59,110 --> 00:12:56,959
and they fly in formation because we

326
00:13:02,550 --> 00:12:59,120
want to get a comprehensive and

327
00:13:04,710 --> 00:13:02,560
complementary set of science data

328
00:13:06,629 --> 00:13:04,720
now once in the a train operational

329
00:13:08,310 --> 00:13:06,639
altitude we will check out the

330
00:13:10,310 --> 00:13:08,320
instrument and that tool will take about

331
00:13:12,069 --> 00:13:10,320
a week or two to complete we really want

332
00:13:14,550 --> 00:13:12,079
to make sure that the instrument again

333
00:13:16,310 --> 00:13:14,560
performs and functions the way it did on

334
00:13:18,310 --> 00:13:16,320
the ground

335
00:13:20,150 --> 00:13:18,320
what so once that's completed we'll go

336
00:13:21,990 --> 00:13:20,160
ahead and conduct normal operations

337
00:13:23,910 --> 00:13:22,000
which will consist of basically

338
00:13:25,990 --> 00:13:23,920
transitioning between what we call nader

339
00:13:27,910 --> 00:13:26,000
mode where the instrument is pointed

340
00:13:29,990 --> 00:13:27,920
straight down towards the earth

341
00:13:31,990 --> 00:13:30,000
and what we call glint mode so glint

342
00:13:34,710 --> 00:13:32,000
mode is where the instrument is pointed

343
00:13:36,230 --> 00:13:34,720
to the sun's glint spot on the globe we

344
00:13:39,030 --> 00:13:36,240
want to make sure that we get acceptable

345
00:13:41,910 --> 00:13:39,040
measurements from the dark oceans

346
00:13:43,509 --> 00:13:41,920
in addition to that each day we'll be

347
00:13:45,829 --> 00:13:43,519
looking at a what we call a ground

348
00:13:48,150 --> 00:13:45,839
validation target maybe like the one at

349
00:13:49,509 --> 00:13:48,160
lamont oklahoma or maybe park falls

350
00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:49,519
wisconsin

351
00:13:53,590 --> 00:13:51,600
we get that data because we'd like to be

352
00:13:55,590 --> 00:13:53,600
able to go ahead and make comparisons

353
00:13:59,110 --> 00:13:55,600
with the space based measurements and

354
00:14:01,189 --> 00:13:59,120
make sure that they meet requirements

355
00:14:02,790 --> 00:14:01,199
now i'm an engineer

356
00:14:03,750 --> 00:14:02,800
and an engineer is trained to solve

357
00:14:05,590 --> 00:14:03,760
problems

358
00:14:07,670 --> 00:14:05,600
with the complete loss of the original

359
00:14:09,110 --> 00:14:07,680
oco mission

360
00:14:11,030 --> 00:14:09,120
it was heartbreak

361
00:14:14,069 --> 00:14:11,040
the entire mission was lost we didn't

362
00:14:16,069 --> 00:14:14,079
even have one problem to solve

363
00:14:18,069 --> 00:14:16,079
on behalf of the entire team that worked

364
00:14:20,230 --> 00:14:18,079
on the original oco mission we're

365
00:14:22,790 --> 00:14:20,240
excited about this opportunity this

366
00:14:25,829 --> 00:14:22,800
opportunity to finally be able to

367
00:14:27,590 --> 00:14:25,839
complete some unfinished business

368
00:14:29,590 --> 00:14:27,600
so without any further ado i'd like to

369
00:14:31,030 --> 00:14:29,600
introduce you to mike gunson mike is our

370
00:14:32,310 --> 00:14:31,040
project scientist

371
00:14:35,590 --> 00:14:32,320
and he'll explain to you why this

372
00:14:37,509 --> 00:14:35,600
mission is as urgent as it is important

373
00:14:39,110 --> 00:14:37,519
thank you ralph yes i'm going to talk

374
00:14:41,910 --> 00:14:39,120
briefly about some of the science

375
00:14:43,990 --> 00:14:41,920
motivations for this mission and why

376
00:14:46,790 --> 00:14:44,000
atmospheric observations from space of

377
00:14:49,350 --> 00:14:46,800
carbon dioxide provide new insight into

378
00:14:51,670 --> 00:14:49,360
the underlying carbon cycle processes

379
00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:51,680
which we'd like to understand better

380
00:14:57,189 --> 00:14:54,720
today much of what we know comes from a

381
00:14:58,790 --> 00:14:57,199
few extremely important ground-based

382
00:15:00,550 --> 00:14:58,800
observations

383
00:15:02,629 --> 00:15:00,560
one of which is

384
00:15:05,750 --> 00:15:02,639
quite famously the keeling curve a

385
00:15:08,629 --> 00:15:05,760
series of measurements started in 1957

386
00:15:11,590 --> 00:15:08,639
by charles keeling from mauna loa and to

387
00:15:14,550 --> 00:15:11,600
date this this kind of measurement made

388
00:15:16,870 --> 00:15:14,560
in a number of stations around the world

389
00:15:19,189 --> 00:15:16,880
has provided us the insight we have into

390
00:15:21,670 --> 00:15:19,199
what's happening in the carbon cycle

391
00:15:22,790 --> 00:15:21,680
what these if you run the animation what

392
00:15:24,550 --> 00:15:22,800
it shows

393
00:15:26,389 --> 00:15:24,560
is quite clearly that there's a steady

394
00:15:28,710 --> 00:15:26,399
increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide

395
00:15:30,790 --> 00:15:28,720
concentrations with time

396
00:15:32,949 --> 00:15:30,800
over this period of time human beings

397
00:15:35,829 --> 00:15:32,959
have released hundreds of billions of

398
00:15:37,350 --> 00:15:35,839
tons of carbon into the atmosphere so

399
00:15:39,509 --> 00:15:37,360
that even today

400
00:15:41,829 --> 00:15:39,519
with the modernization of the developing

401
00:15:43,990 --> 00:15:41,839
world we start to see that we're we're

402
00:15:46,150 --> 00:15:44,000
releasing something like 40 billion tons

403
00:15:47,749 --> 00:15:46,160
of carbon dioxide each each year and

404
00:15:50,470 --> 00:15:47,759
this is increasing

405
00:15:52,629 --> 00:15:50,480
but at the same time as betsy remarked

406
00:15:55,749 --> 00:15:52,639
we can see that this has this annual

407
00:15:57,189 --> 00:15:55,759
cycle of dropping every summer as the

408
00:15:59,189 --> 00:15:57,199
northern hem in this case is the

409
00:16:00,710 --> 00:15:59,199
northern hemisphere as the forests and

410
00:16:03,269 --> 00:16:00,720
plants start to grow and this is the

411
00:16:05,509 --> 00:16:03,279
earth breathing and that's why we've

412
00:16:06,629 --> 00:16:05,519
used that to describe some of what we

413
00:16:08,790 --> 00:16:06,639
see here

414
00:16:10,790 --> 00:16:08,800
but it's not just the

415
00:16:13,430 --> 00:16:10,800
planet planets

416
00:16:15,509 --> 00:16:13,440
plants and forests the oceans play an

417
00:16:17,269 --> 00:16:15,519
equal role as well in absorbing some of

418
00:16:19,430 --> 00:16:17,279
this carbon dioxide

419
00:16:21,670 --> 00:16:19,440
and every year what's quite remarkable

420
00:16:23,749 --> 00:16:21,680
is that over time half of what we've

421
00:16:25,990 --> 00:16:23,759
released has been absorbed by either

422
00:16:27,990 --> 00:16:26,000
plants or the ocean but it's very

423
00:16:29,749 --> 00:16:28,000
variable from year to year

424
00:16:31,829 --> 00:16:29,759
understanding what understanding what

425
00:16:34,470 --> 00:16:31,839
controls that variability is really

426
00:16:36,230 --> 00:16:34,480
crucial if we can do that today it might

427
00:16:39,509 --> 00:16:36,240
inform us about what might happen in the

428
00:16:40,949 --> 00:16:39,519
future will those process continue or

429
00:16:43,350 --> 00:16:40,959
will we see an abatement in their

430
00:16:45,509 --> 00:16:43,360
ability to absorb carbon dioxide and

431
00:16:47,509 --> 00:16:45,519
does that increase the amount that

432
00:16:50,069 --> 00:16:47,519
resides in the atmosphere obviously

433
00:16:52,870 --> 00:16:50,079
having climate change impacts enforcing

434
00:16:55,269 --> 00:16:52,880
perhaps more more change

435
00:16:56,870 --> 00:16:55,279
so to do this what we'd like to do is

436
00:16:59,430 --> 00:16:56,880
extend the measurements that have been

437
00:17:01,430 --> 00:16:59,440
made so carefully at the surface at

438
00:17:02,550 --> 00:17:01,440
places like mauna loa and do this

439
00:17:05,750 --> 00:17:02,560
globally

440
00:17:09,270 --> 00:17:05,760
so we've planned very carefully uh with

441
00:17:12,390 --> 00:17:09,280
oco 2 to make these very careful

442
00:17:14,309 --> 00:17:12,400
precise measurements a number of in a

443
00:17:16,630 --> 00:17:14,319
truly global sense to give us a better

444
00:17:19,510 --> 00:17:16,640
insight into the underlying regional

445
00:17:21,669 --> 00:17:19,520
behavior of the processes which control

446
00:17:23,669 --> 00:17:21,679
carbon exchange between the surface and

447
00:17:25,590 --> 00:17:23,679
the atmosphere

448
00:17:26,949 --> 00:17:25,600
in doing this we were very fortunate

449
00:17:28,470 --> 00:17:26,959
because this is

450
00:17:30,070 --> 00:17:28,480
to say at least in my experience a

451
00:17:31,510 --> 00:17:30,080
tricky measurement

452
00:17:33,029 --> 00:17:31,520
we are very fortunate to have the

453
00:17:35,110 --> 00:17:33,039
collaboration with our colleagues in

454
00:17:37,190 --> 00:17:35,120
japan and the gosat team

455
00:17:39,990 --> 00:17:37,200
they provided us with a data stream

456
00:17:42,390 --> 00:17:40,000
which was a great example of what we

457
00:17:44,870 --> 00:17:42,400
think we will see and hope to see with

458
00:17:46,710 --> 00:17:44,880
oco2 and we've developed both the

459
00:17:48,630 --> 00:17:46,720
processes for

460
00:17:50,630 --> 00:17:48,640
processing that data but the validation

461
00:17:53,190 --> 00:17:50,640
techniques we will need

462
00:17:55,270 --> 00:17:53,200
but in doing so one thing that certainly

463
00:17:56,630 --> 00:17:55,280
was a surprise to me was that a couple

464
00:17:58,470 --> 00:17:56,640
of my colleagues

465
00:18:00,630 --> 00:17:58,480
also made one what i think is a

466
00:18:02,789 --> 00:18:00,640
fantastic discovery it's been known for

467
00:18:05,270 --> 00:18:02,799
some time that when plants absorb

468
00:18:07,110 --> 00:18:05,280
sunlight and undergo photosynthesis a

469
00:18:09,270 --> 00:18:07,120
tiny amount of that energy

470
00:18:10,630 --> 00:18:09,280
is released as a fluorescence photon

471
00:18:13,590 --> 00:18:10,640
back to space

472
00:18:15,990 --> 00:18:13,600
so we believe we'll have the opportunity

473
00:18:18,150 --> 00:18:16,000
to provide some new insight into what's

474
00:18:19,750 --> 00:18:18,160
happening at the surface in plants by

475
00:18:21,190 --> 00:18:19,760
looking at what we call solar induced

476
00:18:23,590 --> 00:18:21,200
fluorescence

477
00:18:25,990 --> 00:18:23,600
in this still

478
00:18:28,470 --> 00:18:26,000
one of my colleagues went as far as to

479
00:18:31,510 --> 00:18:28,480
look at what we might expect to see with

480
00:18:33,270 --> 00:18:31,520
oco2 over a month's period and as you

481
00:18:35,510 --> 00:18:33,280
can see what

482
00:18:38,070 --> 00:18:35,520
what is shown or highlighted in the

483
00:18:39,990 --> 00:18:38,080
brighter colors the reds and oranges are

484
00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:40,000
the great forests of the world like the

485
00:18:44,390 --> 00:18:42,960
in the amazon the congo basin and in

486
00:18:46,789 --> 00:18:44,400
southeast

487
00:18:48,630 --> 00:18:46,799
asia and indonesia but you can also see

488
00:18:49,830 --> 00:18:48,640
other regions as well which are probably

489
00:18:51,590 --> 00:18:49,840
important

490
00:18:53,190 --> 00:18:51,600
which in the eastern united states

491
00:18:55,510 --> 00:18:53,200
there's an awful lot of

492
00:18:58,789 --> 00:18:55,520
forest and agriculture and you can also

493
00:18:59,990 --> 00:18:58,799
see in in eurasia the broad expanse of

494
00:19:02,310 --> 00:19:00,000
forests

495
00:19:03,430 --> 00:19:02,320
that are so critical to the carbon cycle

496
00:19:05,830 --> 00:19:03,440
there too

497
00:19:07,270 --> 00:19:05,840
so with these we hope to provide not

498
00:19:09,590 --> 00:19:07,280
only

499
00:19:12,150 --> 00:19:09,600
very precise detailed measurements of

500
00:19:14,390 --> 00:19:12,160
carbon dioxide but also potentially a

501
00:19:16,390 --> 00:19:14,400
new measurement which could inform

502
00:19:18,070 --> 00:19:16,400
carbon cycle science

503
00:19:20,310 --> 00:19:18,080
and with this

504
00:19:22,549 --> 00:19:20,320
i'm just excited to get my hands on some

505
00:19:23,750 --> 00:19:22,559
new data in the next couple of months

506
00:19:25,430 --> 00:19:23,760
it's what we've been waiting for for

507
00:19:27,029 --> 00:19:25,440
some time and with that i'd like to

508
00:19:29,669 --> 00:19:27,039
introduce emory aldring the deputy

509
00:19:31,110 --> 00:19:29,679
project scientist thanks mike so mike

510
00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:31,120
talked a little bit about the big

511
00:19:35,590 --> 00:19:33,440
questions in the carbon cycle science

512
00:19:37,510 --> 00:19:35,600
and the measurements oco-2 will make but

513
00:19:39,669 --> 00:19:37,520
how well does oco-2 need to measure

514
00:19:41,029 --> 00:19:39,679
carbon dioxide to answer that question

515
00:19:43,190 --> 00:19:41,039
and how are we going to do it with our

516
00:19:45,029 --> 00:19:43,200
instrument so the short answer to my

517
00:19:47,190 --> 00:19:45,039
first question is one one part per

518
00:19:48,710 --> 00:19:47,200
million is our goal for the sensitivity

519
00:19:50,789 --> 00:19:48,720
of this measurement and to give you an

520
00:19:52,630 --> 00:19:50,799
idea of how much that is we made a

521
00:19:54,950 --> 00:19:52,640
little jar of black beans that

522
00:19:56,390 --> 00:19:54,960
represents the concentration of co2 in

523
00:19:58,390 --> 00:19:56,400
the atmosphere which if you saw on

524
00:20:00,789 --> 00:19:58,400
mike's graph is something on the order

525
00:20:03,270 --> 00:20:00,799
of 400 parts per million so if this was

526
00:20:04,630 --> 00:20:03,280
400 parts per million carbon dioxide

527
00:20:06,789 --> 00:20:04,640
molecules and i want to know when it

528
00:20:08,549 --> 00:20:06,799
changes by one i've got to be able to

529
00:20:10,310 --> 00:20:08,559
tell when i add that many beans to the

530
00:20:12,149 --> 00:20:10,320
column so it's a really sensitive

531
00:20:14,070 --> 00:20:12,159
measurement that we're aiming at and

532
00:20:15,830 --> 00:20:14,080
mike also mentioned the fluorescence the

533
00:20:19,510 --> 00:20:15,840
fluorescence change to the radiance is

534
00:20:21,750 --> 00:20:19,520
maybe one or two beans that change so we

535
00:20:23,750 --> 00:20:21,760
have a real challenge and an instrument

536
00:20:26,390 --> 00:20:23,760
that we think is up to it to make these

537
00:20:28,710 --> 00:20:26,400
precise measurements of carbon dioxide

538
00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:28,720
another way to help you see why we need

539
00:20:32,630 --> 00:20:30,400
this precision

540
00:20:35,510 --> 00:20:32,640
is this movie of a model field of carbon

541
00:20:37,350 --> 00:20:35,520
dioxide so we're showing you a movie

542
00:20:39,669 --> 00:20:37,360
that was generated by our colleague

543
00:20:41,830 --> 00:20:39,679
leslie ott over at goddard space flight

544
00:20:43,830 --> 00:20:41,840
center of the total column of carbon

545
00:20:46,390 --> 00:20:43,840
dioxide the amount between the surface

546
00:20:48,710 --> 00:20:46,400
and the ground which is what oco-2 has

547
00:20:50,549 --> 00:20:48,720
sensitivity to and you'll see the

548
00:20:53,430 --> 00:20:50,559
lighter blues or the deep blues are

549
00:20:56,870 --> 00:20:53,440
about 370 parts per million lack of

550
00:20:58,310 --> 00:20:56,880
colors about 380 and 390 is shown in the

551
00:20:59,909 --> 00:20:58,320
deep reds

552
00:21:01,350 --> 00:20:59,919
one thing you'll notice is if you just

553
00:21:03,430 --> 00:21:01,360
look from the northern reaches of the

554
00:21:05,430 --> 00:21:03,440
globe to the southern there's just some

555
00:21:07,590 --> 00:21:05,440
small changes from a moderate blue to

556
00:21:09,430 --> 00:21:07,600
maybe a moderate red something like 10

557
00:21:10,710 --> 00:21:09,440
parts per million change from the north

558
00:21:12,390 --> 00:21:10,720
to the south

559
00:21:14,310 --> 00:21:12,400
but if i was trying to understand the

560
00:21:16,470 --> 00:21:14,320
role of the forest in north america and

561
00:21:18,310 --> 00:21:16,480
eurasia you can see that the changes

562
00:21:20,470 --> 00:21:18,320
from those two regions are smaller on

563
00:21:22,710 --> 00:21:20,480
the order of one two maybe three parts

564
00:21:24,470 --> 00:21:22,720
per million so we really have to get at

565
00:21:26,149 --> 00:21:24,480
these details and these precise

566
00:21:28,310 --> 00:21:26,159
measurements of carbon dioxide to

567
00:21:30,149 --> 00:21:28,320
understand the transfer

568
00:21:31,909 --> 00:21:30,159
the other features you see in this map

569
00:21:33,430 --> 00:21:31,919
are things like the low concentrations

570
00:21:35,430 --> 00:21:33,440
in the northern hemisphere because the

571
00:21:37,669 --> 00:21:35,440
active plants and trees are drawing in

572
00:21:39,669 --> 00:21:37,679
the carbon dioxide and there's some

573
00:21:42,549 --> 00:21:39,679
areas that actually have fires and

574
00:21:44,230 --> 00:21:42,559
biomass burning going on that show up as

575
00:21:46,630 --> 00:21:44,240
red because of the sources of carbon

576
00:21:48,230 --> 00:21:46,640
dioxide so we'll learn more about these

577
00:21:49,669 --> 00:21:48,240
sorts of features with our measurements

578
00:21:51,510 --> 00:21:49,679
from oco2

579
00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:51,520
so how are we going to do this well the

580
00:21:55,909 --> 00:21:53,760
main principle of our measurement is

581
00:21:58,149 --> 00:21:55,919
shown in this still where a measurement

582
00:22:00,549 --> 00:21:58,159
that relies on sunlight reflected off of

583
00:22:03,029 --> 00:22:00,559
earth's surface back into the instrument

584
00:22:04,789 --> 00:22:03,039
so we look at reflected sunlight

585
00:22:06,630 --> 00:22:04,799
and that light is changed a little bit

586
00:22:08,070 --> 00:22:06,640
by the molecules that we're looking

587
00:22:10,149 --> 00:22:08,080
through that absorb light and

588
00:22:11,990 --> 00:22:10,159
specifically we'll focus on the

589
00:22:13,510 --> 00:22:12,000
absorption changes because of the carbon

590
00:22:15,830 --> 00:22:13,520
dioxide

591
00:22:17,510 --> 00:22:15,840
another feature of this measurement is

592
00:22:19,669 --> 00:22:17,520
that we want to look at just a small

593
00:22:21,510 --> 00:22:19,679
area at a time we actually only measure

594
00:22:22,710 --> 00:22:21,520
over one square mile with each

595
00:22:23,990 --> 00:22:22,720
measurement

596
00:22:25,909 --> 00:22:24,000
because if you're trying to make a

597
00:22:28,310 --> 00:22:25,919
measurement from a satellite clouds can

598
00:22:29,909 --> 00:22:28,320
get in the way and the smaller the area

599
00:22:31,830 --> 00:22:29,919
you measure the more likely you are to

600
00:22:32,710 --> 00:22:31,840
see around those clouds or to be able to

601
00:22:35,110 --> 00:22:32,720
look

602
00:22:36,870 --> 00:22:35,120
in areas that are cloud free so that's

603
00:22:37,909 --> 00:22:36,880
the general principle of how we make the

604
00:22:39,750 --> 00:22:37,919
measurement

605
00:22:41,909 --> 00:22:39,760
and in my last graphic i'm just showing

606
00:22:44,789 --> 00:22:41,919
you a little more detail of the how it

607
00:22:46,310 --> 00:22:44,799
operates so the telescope here the part

608
00:22:48,149 --> 00:22:46,320
that looks like an eye is where the

609
00:22:50,470 --> 00:22:48,159
light goes into our instrument and then

610
00:22:52,310 --> 00:22:50,480
we've just traced the light through as

611
00:22:54,710 --> 00:22:52,320
it goes from the telescope through some

612
00:22:57,190 --> 00:22:54,720
lenses and then hit hits what we call a

613
00:22:58,549 --> 00:22:57,200
grading now the grading has an important

614
00:23:00,710 --> 00:22:58,559
function because it's the part of the

615
00:23:02,710 --> 00:23:00,720
instrument that splits the light into a

616
00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:02,720
thousand different colors and you can

617
00:23:06,149 --> 00:23:04,480
look at the back of a cd i don't know if

618
00:23:08,549 --> 00:23:06,159
i can shine it into your eyes but it's

619
00:23:10,710 --> 00:23:08,559
the same concept that these grooves on

620
00:23:12,149 --> 00:23:10,720
the back of the cd disperse the light

621
00:23:13,669 --> 00:23:12,159
into many colors and that's what the

622
00:23:15,430 --> 00:23:13,679
grading does for us

623
00:23:17,110 --> 00:23:15,440
so once the light hits the grading and

624
00:23:19,029 --> 00:23:17,120
is dispersed into a thousand colors it

625
00:23:21,190 --> 00:23:19,039
goes to the detector where we actually

626
00:23:22,710 --> 00:23:21,200
collect the measurement

627
00:23:24,470 --> 00:23:22,720
and the lower figures just sort of

628
00:23:27,110 --> 00:23:24,480
showing you how this dispersed light

629
00:23:28,870 --> 00:23:27,120
might look uh over a thousand colors we

630
00:23:30,549 --> 00:23:28,880
actually look at this type of

631
00:23:33,190 --> 00:23:30,559
measurement in three different regions

632
00:23:35,110 --> 00:23:33,200
of light with the oco-2 instrument one

633
00:23:36,870 --> 00:23:35,120
of those is focused on the area where

634
00:23:39,430 --> 00:23:36,880
clouds absorb so we can see if it's

635
00:23:41,590 --> 00:23:39,440
cloud free or not and the other two are

636
00:23:43,669 --> 00:23:41,600
focused on regions where carbon dioxide

637
00:23:44,630 --> 00:23:43,679
specifically absorbs

638
00:23:45,830 --> 00:23:44,640
so

639
00:23:47,269 --> 00:23:45,840
that's a little bit about how the

640
00:23:48,549 --> 00:23:47,279
instrument works and why we're thinking

641
00:23:49,750 --> 00:23:48,559
we can achieve these precise

642
00:23:51,430 --> 00:23:49,760
measurements

643
00:23:53,269 --> 00:23:51,440
so in summary i think it's fair to say

644
00:23:55,990 --> 00:23:53,279
on behalf of the team we're all very

645
00:23:59,190 --> 00:23:56,000
excited about our upcoming launch 2 56

646
00:24:01,830 --> 00:23:59,200
a.m july 1st vandenberg air force base

647
00:24:03,669 --> 00:24:01,840
out in california and we're excited

648
00:24:05,830 --> 00:24:03,679
about the science we'll do the oco2

649
00:24:08,390 --> 00:24:05,840
mission will collect as ralph said the

650
00:24:10,149 --> 00:24:08,400
measurements with the accuracy coverage

651
00:24:12,230 --> 00:24:10,159
and resolution that we need to answer

652
00:24:15,110 --> 00:24:12,240
these important questions about where

653
00:24:17,510 --> 00:24:15,120
carbon dioxide is being absorbed and

654
00:24:20,310 --> 00:24:17,520
released in the natural global cycles

655
00:24:22,310 --> 00:24:20,320
across the globe thank you

656
00:24:24,070 --> 00:24:22,320
okay thank you to our presenters and now

657
00:24:26,310 --> 00:24:24,080
we'll take some questions from the media

658
00:24:28,230 --> 00:24:26,320
and those watching online again if

659
00:24:30,950 --> 00:24:28,240
you're watching online and would like to

660
00:24:34,070 --> 00:24:30,960
post a question go to twitter and use

661
00:24:37,669 --> 00:24:34,080
the hashtag asknasa

662
00:24:39,590 --> 00:24:37,679
first we'll take questions here from

663
00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:39,600
from the press india auditorium please

664
00:24:44,310 --> 00:24:41,760
identify yourself and go ahead hi i'm

665
00:24:46,230 --> 00:24:44,320
dan vergano i'm with national geographic

666
00:24:48,950 --> 00:24:46,240
i was wondering about the the resolution

667
00:24:51,590 --> 00:24:48,960
you mentioned in uh it's one square mile

668
00:24:53,830 --> 00:24:51,600
that's the grid is that uh a good enough

669
00:24:56,390 --> 00:24:53,840
resolution that we'll be able to see uh

670
00:25:00,390 --> 00:24:56,400
the big stationary emitters that are uh

671
00:25:02,390 --> 00:25:00,400
of such concern uh regulations now

672
00:25:04,070 --> 00:25:02,400
so the question is will that three

673
00:25:05,430 --> 00:25:04,080
square kilometers be enough to resolve

674
00:25:07,830 --> 00:25:05,440
the big emitters

675
00:25:10,310 --> 00:25:07,840
uh we don't i've i've done back at the

676
00:25:11,990 --> 00:25:10,320
envelope calculations that show that

677
00:25:13,909 --> 00:25:12,000
uh some of the big emitters will

678
00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:13,919
certainly stand out if you get close to

679
00:25:20,310 --> 00:25:15,840
the

680
00:25:22,950 --> 00:25:20,320
work done by

681
00:25:24,310 --> 00:25:22,960
colleagues with the ghost out data

682
00:25:26,230 --> 00:25:24,320
showed that

683
00:25:28,470 --> 00:25:26,240
large urban areas like los angeles and

684
00:25:30,549 --> 00:25:28,480
mumbai believe it was in the examples

685
00:25:32,710 --> 00:25:30,559
they looked at you can certainly see the

686
00:25:36,070 --> 00:25:32,720
build-up of carbon dioxide due to human

687
00:25:37,830 --> 00:25:36,080
activity in the cities compared to

688
00:25:38,950 --> 00:25:37,840
nearby regions where there's no human

689
00:25:41,029 --> 00:25:38,960
activity

690
00:25:45,510 --> 00:25:41,039
so yes in principle

691
00:25:47,269 --> 00:25:45,520
we fully expect to be able to see

692
00:25:51,029 --> 00:25:47,279
points where there are large emissions

693
00:25:54,710 --> 00:25:53,669
but the this is really not a mapping

694
00:25:57,830 --> 00:25:54,720
mission

695
00:26:00,470 --> 00:25:57,840
so it depends where our orbital track

696
00:26:02,630 --> 00:26:00,480
crosses this is much more of a sampling

697
00:26:06,149 --> 00:26:02,640
mission than it is uh a true global

698
00:26:11,110 --> 00:26:08,549
okay another question here

699
00:26:14,230 --> 00:26:11,120
oh yeah yeah uh eric hand with science i

700
00:26:16,870 --> 00:26:14,240
guess my question is for betsy um osio

701
00:26:19,110 --> 00:26:16,880
three the flight spare

702
00:26:21,430 --> 00:26:19,120
uh there were plans to take it up to the

703
00:26:24,470 --> 00:26:21,440
space station and have it complement

704
00:26:26,470 --> 00:26:24,480
oco two in observations but it was

705
00:26:28,630 --> 00:26:26,480
left out of the president's budget

706
00:26:29,590 --> 00:26:28,640
um i know budgets are always uncertain

707
00:26:30,950 --> 00:26:29,600
but

708
00:26:33,190 --> 00:26:30,960
you know as far as i know right now it's

709
00:26:35,190 --> 00:26:33,200
essentially sitting in a box but what

710
00:26:37,669 --> 00:26:35,200
are the plans to to

711
00:26:38,870 --> 00:26:37,679
going forward with with oc03

712
00:26:40,149 --> 00:26:38,880
well indeed

713
00:26:42,390 --> 00:26:40,159
our current

714
00:26:44,870 --> 00:26:42,400
activities with oco-3 are being put on

715
00:26:47,269 --> 00:26:44,880
hold and and we're using the rest of our

716
00:26:48,789 --> 00:26:47,279
fiscal 14 funds to get them into a

717
00:26:50,630 --> 00:26:48,799
stable state so that we can put them

718
00:26:52,870 --> 00:26:50,640
into storage

719
00:26:54,149 --> 00:26:52,880
but it is still an important activity

720
00:26:55,350 --> 00:26:54,159
and you know we've talked about the

721
00:26:56,549 --> 00:26:55,360
importance of this particular

722
00:26:59,350 --> 00:26:56,559
measurement

723
00:27:00,310 --> 00:26:59,360
right now the fiscal 15 budget has been

724
00:27:01,110 --> 00:27:00,320
you know

725
00:27:02,549 --> 00:27:01,120
we're

726
00:27:04,950 --> 00:27:02,559
looking at all of the priorities of the

727
00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:04,960
things that we have um clearly our

728
00:27:07,830 --> 00:27:06,320
operational missions and some of our

729
00:27:10,390 --> 00:27:07,840
development activities

730
00:27:13,269 --> 00:27:10,400
do have a higher priority um we do

731
00:27:14,630 --> 00:27:13,279
expect that at some point you know the

732
00:27:16,230 --> 00:27:14,640
we're getting good data from our

733
00:27:18,149 --> 00:27:16,240
atmospheric

734
00:27:20,389 --> 00:27:18,159
measurements oco2 is going to give us

735
00:27:23,590 --> 00:27:20,399
fabulous data so

736
00:27:25,510 --> 00:27:23,600
we hope to get back to oco3 but right

737
00:27:27,110 --> 00:27:25,520
now the budget doesn't allow for us to

738
00:27:28,710 --> 00:27:27,120
do that but we're putting it into a

739
00:27:31,669 --> 00:27:28,720
position where we could go back to it at

740
00:27:35,110 --> 00:27:33,750
okay we have a number of questions on

741
00:27:36,310 --> 00:27:35,120
social media

742
00:27:37,830 --> 00:27:36,320
jason

743
00:27:40,070 --> 00:27:37,840
indeed hi this question comes from

744
00:27:41,750 --> 00:27:40,080
twitter user colin what possible

745
00:27:43,510 --> 00:27:41,760
problems do you expect with this project

746
00:27:47,029 --> 00:27:43,520
that could potentially prevent accurate

747
00:27:49,909 --> 00:27:48,950
i'll take that one first shall we

748
00:27:51,110 --> 00:27:49,919
um

749
00:27:53,269 --> 00:27:51,120
it each

750
00:27:55,029 --> 00:27:53,279
if the question is what could

751
00:27:56,950 --> 00:27:55,039
impede us from getting those accurate

752
00:27:59,510 --> 00:27:56,960
numbers um

753
00:28:01,430 --> 00:27:59,520
we've taken a lot of care to make ensure

754
00:28:04,070 --> 00:28:01,440
that we understand how this whole system

755
00:28:05,750 --> 00:28:04,080
works so that we can reduce the the

756
00:28:09,350 --> 00:28:05,760
likelihood that anything will impede us

757
00:28:11,750 --> 00:28:09,360
get getting those accurate numbers that

758
00:28:14,070 --> 00:28:11,760
we need to actually

759
00:28:17,029 --> 00:28:14,080
inform carbon cycle science there's

760
00:28:18,470 --> 00:28:17,039
always the unexpected uh but you kind of

761
00:28:19,669 --> 00:28:18,480
have to roll with those when they when

762
00:28:21,590 --> 00:28:19,679
they occur

763
00:28:23,350 --> 00:28:21,600
but uh we've planned this very very

764
00:28:25,029 --> 00:28:23,360
carefully and i'm personally not

765
00:28:27,190 --> 00:28:25,039
expecting uh

766
00:28:29,830 --> 00:28:27,200
well you can't expect the unexpected but

767
00:28:32,789 --> 00:28:29,840
there's nothing that we're we're plan we

768
00:28:34,230 --> 00:28:32,799
foresee impeding our progress on this

769
00:28:35,669 --> 00:28:34,240
what do you think ralph

770
00:28:37,669 --> 00:28:35,679
yeah the only thing i would like to add

771
00:28:39,430 --> 00:28:37,679
is that as i mentioned before we

772
00:28:41,830 --> 00:28:39,440
subjected the observatory both the

773
00:28:43,909 --> 00:28:41,840
spacecraft bus and the instrument to a

774
00:28:45,909 --> 00:28:43,919
comprehensive ground test program the

775
00:28:47,750 --> 00:28:45,919
instrument was fully calibrated we went

776
00:28:49,190 --> 00:28:47,760
through a lot of different activities

777
00:28:51,909 --> 00:28:49,200
before that instrument left the jet

778
00:28:54,310 --> 00:28:51,919
propulsion laboratory we feel confident

779
00:28:55,830 --> 00:28:54,320
that this is going to work

780
00:28:56,710 --> 00:28:55,840
we've done everything that we can on the

781
00:28:58,549 --> 00:28:56,720
ground

782
00:29:00,470 --> 00:28:58,559
wonderful this next question comes from

783
00:29:02,230 --> 00:29:00,480
twitter user jill grace will the

784
00:29:04,470 --> 00:29:02,240
instrument be able to differentiate

785
00:29:06,789 --> 00:29:04,480
between natural versus human generated

786
00:29:09,990 --> 00:29:06,799
carbon

787
00:29:13,909 --> 00:29:12,149
she's a middle school teacher in

788
00:29:15,510 --> 00:29:13,919
california i suspect

789
00:29:17,669 --> 00:29:15,520
um

790
00:29:19,430 --> 00:29:17,679
it's very difficult from the

791
00:29:21,269 --> 00:29:19,440
just measuring carbon dioxide along to

792
00:29:24,230 --> 00:29:21,279
distinguish between the two between

793
00:29:27,430 --> 00:29:24,240
anthropogenic and natural changes to

794
00:29:30,310 --> 00:29:27,440
carbon dioxide you have to resort to

795
00:29:32,070 --> 00:29:30,320
other means isotopic signatures are a

796
00:29:34,230 --> 00:29:32,080
very important method for distinguishing

797
00:29:35,669 --> 00:29:34,240
the contribution of anthropogenic

798
00:29:39,590 --> 00:29:35,679
sources

799
00:29:41,590 --> 00:29:39,600
but in the overall use of this data

800
00:29:43,909 --> 00:29:41,600
we do expect to be able to say something

801
00:29:46,710 --> 00:29:43,919
about the relative contribution of

802
00:29:51,510 --> 00:29:46,720
anthropogenic and natural contributions

803
00:29:57,590 --> 00:29:53,669
wonderful then

804
00:30:00,870 --> 00:29:57,600
question here from a grace bow

805
00:30:02,950 --> 00:30:00,880
uh will oco-2 be high enough to see the

806
00:30:05,669 --> 00:30:02,960
ozone layer

807
00:30:08,710 --> 00:30:05,679
okay so i'll take that question so the

808
00:30:11,750 --> 00:30:08,720
oco-2 is in fact well above the ozone

809
00:30:13,510 --> 00:30:11,760
layer we'll be flying at 705 kilometers

810
00:30:15,029 --> 00:30:13,520
but we've specifically chosen the

811
00:30:17,350 --> 00:30:15,039
wavelengths that we're going to use so

812
00:30:19,510 --> 00:30:17,360
that they are not sensitive to ozone so

813
00:30:21,909 --> 00:30:19,520
there's really no absorption signals no

814
00:30:23,590 --> 00:30:21,919
fingerprint of ozone in the wavelengths

815
00:30:28,870 --> 00:30:23,600
we're going to use we did that on

816
00:30:30,870 --> 00:30:29,750
okay

817
00:30:32,789 --> 00:30:30,880
we have a

818
00:30:38,149 --> 00:30:32,799
question on the phone lines

819
00:30:43,830 --> 00:30:40,549
irene line is open needed a

820
00:30:46,070 --> 00:30:43,840
program cost spacecraft and the launcher

821
00:30:47,990 --> 00:30:46,080
and also if you could

822
00:30:51,110 --> 00:30:48,000
include

823
00:30:54,070 --> 00:30:51,120
what the original oco figures were

824
00:30:58,789 --> 00:30:55,269
to the first part of that was the

825
00:31:00,470 --> 00:30:58,799
question uh what were the original costs

826
00:31:04,389 --> 00:31:00,480
of oco and the

827
00:31:06,149 --> 00:31:04,399
current cost of oco2 okay i think

828
00:31:09,029 --> 00:31:06,159
i guess that one's mine

829
00:31:11,190 --> 00:31:09,039
um okay so the

830
00:31:14,870 --> 00:31:11,200
get my cheat sheet

831
00:31:16,870 --> 00:31:14,880
the original spacecraft was about 275

832
00:31:18,590 --> 00:31:16,880
million dollars

833
00:31:21,430 --> 00:31:18,600
this one was about

834
00:31:23,509 --> 00:31:21,440
465 million dollars so there is about a

835
00:31:25,750 --> 00:31:23,519
200 million delta

836
00:31:27,830 --> 00:31:25,760
um a lot of that delta is based on the

837
00:31:29,430 --> 00:31:27,840
fact that we did change launch vehicle

838
00:31:31,509 --> 00:31:29,440
we were originally slated on a much

839
00:31:33,990 --> 00:31:31,519
smaller less expensive vehicle and we've

840
00:31:35,830 --> 00:31:34,000
now changed what launch vehicle we're

841
00:31:38,549 --> 00:31:35,840
riding on

842
00:31:41,990 --> 00:31:38,559
we also did have a slight delay

843
00:31:43,909 --> 00:31:42,000
in the development of oco2

844
00:31:46,789 --> 00:31:43,919
actually slide it was about a year just

845
00:31:48,950 --> 00:31:46,799
over a year's delay as we made the shift

846
00:31:50,870 --> 00:31:48,960
as we were doing the competition to

847
00:31:52,710 --> 00:31:50,880
understand what our new launch vehicle

848
00:31:54,789 --> 00:31:52,720
would look like

849
00:31:57,430 --> 00:31:54,799
and the team had to sort of stand down

850
00:31:58,789 --> 00:31:57,440
so there was a period of time when we

851
00:32:02,070 --> 00:31:58,799
you know we were trying to

852
00:32:03,750 --> 00:32:02,080
keep people working hard but

853
00:32:05,110 --> 00:32:03,760
there wasn't as much of the work

854
00:32:06,549 --> 00:32:05,120
available for them to do while we made

855
00:32:08,310 --> 00:32:06,559
that decision to move to the next

856
00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:08,320
vehicle

857
00:32:11,509 --> 00:32:10,480
we did make some re-engineering changes

858
00:32:13,590 --> 00:32:11,519
we

859
00:32:15,830 --> 00:32:13,600
parts obsolescence happens

860
00:32:17,590 --> 00:32:15,840
your computers move faster than

861
00:32:20,230 --> 00:32:17,600
changeover faster than

862
00:32:24,149 --> 00:32:20,240
anything these days um so we had to do a

863
00:32:27,110 --> 00:32:24,159
lot of some replacement of parts as we

864
00:32:28,230 --> 00:32:27,120
were building up oco2 versus oco1 and so

865
00:32:30,630 --> 00:32:28,240
some of those parts became more

866
00:32:32,710 --> 00:32:30,640
expensive and of course there's the

867
00:32:34,070 --> 00:32:32,720
ubiquitous inflation that also hit us a

868
00:32:37,909 --> 00:32:34,080
little bit so

869
00:32:39,990 --> 00:32:37,919
put all that together it spout the delta

870
00:32:43,029 --> 00:32:40,000
okay we have another question on the

871
00:32:44,549 --> 00:32:43,039
phone lines jonathan amos from the bbc

872
00:32:46,149 --> 00:32:44,559
once again if you do have a question

873
00:32:47,350 --> 00:32:46,159
please press star one make sure you

874
00:32:49,190 --> 00:32:47,360
unmute your phone and record your name

875
00:32:51,430 --> 00:32:49,200
clearly when prompted

876
00:32:54,070 --> 00:32:51,440
and your line is now open what are the

877
00:32:57,669 --> 00:32:54,080
the key mysteries um

878
00:32:59,110 --> 00:32:57,679
that you want to go after uh with oco to

879
00:33:01,190 --> 00:32:59,120
close the gap

880
00:33:03,269 --> 00:33:01,200
on what we know about

881
00:33:05,750 --> 00:33:03,279
where the sources are and

882
00:33:07,029 --> 00:33:05,760
and precisely where the sinks are as

883
00:33:08,389 --> 00:33:07,039
well what are the what are the key

884
00:33:10,389 --> 00:33:08,399
missing ones

885
00:33:11,990 --> 00:33:10,399
so um i'll take this first and then add

886
00:33:13,909 --> 00:33:12,000
it back to ann marie

887
00:33:16,389 --> 00:33:13,919
uh over the past few years there's been

888
00:33:17,269 --> 00:33:16,399
a number of uh research papers published

889
00:33:19,029 --> 00:33:17,279
which

890
00:33:20,549 --> 00:33:19,039
have talked about the role of

891
00:33:22,230 --> 00:33:20,559
rainforests

892
00:33:23,830 --> 00:33:22,240
uh and whether we've got the balance

893
00:33:25,990 --> 00:33:23,840
right there

894
00:33:28,470 --> 00:33:26,000
whether their response has been muted by

895
00:33:29,990 --> 00:33:28,480
the impacts of drought

896
00:33:32,430 --> 00:33:30,000
there is the

897
00:33:35,990 --> 00:33:32,440
some papers recently suggesting that

898
00:33:37,269 --> 00:33:36,000
semi-arid regions grasslands have play

899
00:33:39,909 --> 00:33:37,279
a bigger role

900
00:33:42,230 --> 00:33:39,919
um in the past there's been speculation

901
00:33:43,269 --> 00:33:42,240
that north america

902
00:33:45,509 --> 00:33:43,279
is

903
00:33:47,509 --> 00:33:45,519
one of the homes of the biggest sinks

904
00:33:49,269 --> 00:33:47,519
uh natural sinks at carbon dioxide a

905
00:33:50,630 --> 00:33:49,279
greening of

906
00:33:53,110 --> 00:33:50,640
of

907
00:33:55,110 --> 00:33:53,120
in north america a greeting effect but

908
00:33:56,549 --> 00:33:55,120
these uh are just some of the examples

909
00:33:57,509 --> 00:33:56,559
of some of the

910
00:33:59,669 --> 00:33:57,519
um

911
00:34:01,990 --> 00:33:59,679
difficult questions that uh our

912
00:34:04,470 --> 00:34:02,000
hypotheses that are very difficult to

913
00:34:07,110 --> 00:34:04,480
test without new data such as those from

914
00:34:09,349 --> 00:34:07,120
oco2 what do you think emery yeah and

915
00:34:12,149 --> 00:34:09,359
similarly the southern oceans have been

916
00:34:14,230 --> 00:34:12,159
uh understood to date to be a big uh

917
00:34:15,909 --> 00:34:14,240
region of exchange of carbon based on

918
00:34:17,589 --> 00:34:15,919
limited sets of measurements so if we

919
00:34:20,310 --> 00:34:17,599
can get these global measurements i

920
00:34:21,669 --> 00:34:20,320
think we can much more firmly

921
00:34:23,109 --> 00:34:21,679
realize if this is the correct

922
00:34:24,869 --> 00:34:23,119
hypothesis or if there's other

923
00:34:27,589 --> 00:34:24,879
explanations and again the other

924
00:34:28,869 --> 00:34:27,599
important aspect of oco2 is each year is

925
00:34:30,389 --> 00:34:28,879
a little bit different so we want to

926
00:34:32,310 --> 00:34:30,399
start to understand what drives those

927
00:34:33,909 --> 00:34:32,320
differences

928
00:34:35,669 --> 00:34:33,919
okay we have another question here in

929
00:34:37,510 --> 00:34:35,679
the auditorium

930
00:34:40,149 --> 00:34:37,520
hello i'm kate winkle from the scripps

931
00:34:42,470 --> 00:34:40,159
howard foundation wire and i know that

932
00:34:44,149 --> 00:34:42,480
this project is going to bring a lot of

933
00:34:45,270 --> 00:34:44,159
new data new information that scientists

934
00:34:46,470 --> 00:34:45,280
can use

935
00:34:47,990 --> 00:34:46,480
but i know that you all are also

936
00:34:49,829 --> 00:34:48,000
concerned about what business people and

937
00:34:51,510 --> 00:34:49,839
what politicians do with this new

938
00:34:53,990 --> 00:34:51,520
information and new knowledge so what

939
00:34:58,230 --> 00:34:54,000
specifically do you hope they take from

940
00:35:03,670 --> 00:35:00,550
thank you emery

941
00:35:05,349 --> 00:35:03,680
so uh really the bigger questions here

942
00:35:07,670 --> 00:35:05,359
uh uh are fundamentally driven by

943
00:35:08,550 --> 00:35:07,680
science questions uh

944
00:35:13,190 --> 00:35:08,560
the

945
00:35:15,510 --> 00:35:13,200
about human activities

946
00:35:17,990 --> 00:35:15,520
uh is primarily driven by what we call

947
00:35:19,670 --> 00:35:18,000
accounting or inventory processes

948
00:35:23,030 --> 00:35:19,680
we can actually count how many barrels

949
00:35:24,550 --> 00:35:23,040
of oil tons of carb coal etc that we

950
00:35:26,310 --> 00:35:24,560
we consume

951
00:35:28,310 --> 00:35:26,320
it's really the fate of carbon dioxide

952
00:35:30,950 --> 00:35:28,320
once it's in the atmosphere that we're

953
00:35:32,310 --> 00:35:30,960
trying to really put our finger on and

954
00:35:33,750 --> 00:35:32,320
if we can understand what's happening

955
00:35:36,310 --> 00:35:33,760
today

956
00:35:38,710 --> 00:35:36,320
i think it's quite remarkable that

957
00:35:40,390 --> 00:35:38,720
over the past decades

958
00:35:42,150 --> 00:35:40,400
we've been we've seen that half the

959
00:35:44,390 --> 00:35:42,160
carbon dioxide we put in the atmosphere

960
00:35:46,870 --> 00:35:44,400
has been removed by natural processes

961
00:35:48,870 --> 00:35:46,880
but we still aren't quite sure what the

962
00:35:50,710 --> 00:35:48,880
details are of which of those

963
00:35:51,589 --> 00:35:50,720
which are the key processes involved

964
00:35:53,829 --> 00:35:51,599
here

965
00:35:56,310 --> 00:35:53,839
and so trying to get to a point of

966
00:35:58,390 --> 00:35:56,320
understanding the details of those

967
00:36:00,710 --> 00:35:58,400
processes will give us some insight

968
00:36:03,349 --> 00:36:00,720
into about the future and what's likely

969
00:36:05,349 --> 00:36:03,359
to happen over the next decades

970
00:36:07,670 --> 00:36:05,359
even if we continue to

971
00:36:09,030 --> 00:36:07,680
consume more and more fossil fuels and

972
00:36:10,150 --> 00:36:09,040
more and more carbon dioxide into the

973
00:36:12,310 --> 00:36:10,160
atmosphere

974
00:36:13,910 --> 00:36:12,320
i think we would also be hoping that um

975
00:36:16,630 --> 00:36:13,920
policymakers might use some of this

976
00:36:18,470 --> 00:36:16,640
information to for example

977
00:36:19,910 --> 00:36:18,480
start to take a look at the impact of

978
00:36:22,470 --> 00:36:19,920
some of the

979
00:36:23,349 --> 00:36:22,480
emission reduction activities that go on

980
00:36:28,710 --> 00:36:23,359
or

981
00:36:30,069 --> 00:36:28,720
happening globally

982
00:36:31,349 --> 00:36:30,079
okay we have some more questions on

983
00:36:32,950 --> 00:36:31,359
social media

984
00:36:35,349 --> 00:36:32,960
wonderful this comes from twitter user

985
00:36:36,870 --> 00:36:35,359
naresh asking what is the life of this

986
00:36:43,750 --> 00:36:36,880
mission and how long will it take to

987
00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:46,230
uh this mission is uh set for uh two

988
00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:48,000
years nominal mission

989
00:36:51,589 --> 00:36:49,760
uh as i mentioned before we have more

990
00:36:53,510 --> 00:36:51,599
than enough fuel on board the

991
00:36:55,030 --> 00:36:53,520
observatory to last within next two

992
00:36:56,390 --> 00:36:55,040
years

993
00:36:58,310 --> 00:36:56,400
we're going to be doing what we call a

994
00:36:59,829 --> 00:36:58,320
16 day repeat cycle meaning that we're

995
00:37:01,750 --> 00:36:59,839
going to be looking at the same spot on

996
00:37:02,630 --> 00:37:01,760
the globe effectively every couple of

997
00:37:04,790 --> 00:37:02,640
weeks

998
00:37:06,950 --> 00:37:04,800
we'd like to be able to look at data

999
00:37:10,950 --> 00:37:06,960
look at the seasonal variations as well

1000
00:37:14,550 --> 00:37:12,870
wonderful this question comes from

1001
00:37:16,870 --> 00:37:14,560
twitter user robert

1002
00:37:19,270 --> 00:37:16,880
asking what do you hope to gain via

1003
00:37:21,670 --> 00:37:19,280
future collaboration with other co2

1004
00:37:23,829 --> 00:37:21,680
missions such as gosat2 and potentially

1005
00:37:26,950 --> 00:37:23,839
carbon sap

1006
00:37:27,829 --> 00:37:26,960
so let me take a shot at that one

1007
00:37:30,710 --> 00:37:27,839
so

1008
00:37:33,349 --> 00:37:30,720
the end use of our data in terms of the

1009
00:37:35,750 --> 00:37:33,359
science is by people who have models of

1010
00:37:37,510 --> 00:37:35,760
the global atmosphere the movement of

1011
00:37:39,109 --> 00:37:37,520
carbon dioxide the exchange of carbon

1012
00:37:41,270 --> 00:37:39,119
dioxide they basically compare our

1013
00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:41,280
measurements with their models and the

1014
00:37:46,150 --> 00:37:44,320
more data they have in general the more

1015
00:37:47,589 --> 00:37:46,160
precise they are the less uncertainty

1016
00:37:49,750 --> 00:37:47,599
they'll have on the answers that they

1017
00:37:52,310 --> 00:37:49,760
get so we've already had discussions of

1018
00:37:54,069 --> 00:37:52,320
how people would do this uh analysis

1019
00:37:56,790 --> 00:37:54,079
with our data and the gosat data

1020
00:37:58,790 --> 00:37:56,800
together and it's even been

1021
00:38:00,630 --> 00:37:58,800
started some folks have started working

1022
00:38:03,829 --> 00:38:00,640
also using data sets like the airs

1023
00:38:05,510 --> 00:38:03,839
another nasa mission and test data so

1024
00:38:07,190 --> 00:38:05,520
the more data that they use in this

1025
00:38:08,950 --> 00:38:07,200
analysis they're still going to get

1026
00:38:10,710 --> 00:38:08,960
improved answers at some point you can

1027
00:38:13,030 --> 00:38:10,720
have enough data it doesn't matter but

1028
00:38:14,470 --> 00:38:13,040
we're not near that point yet so

1029
00:38:16,550 --> 00:38:14,480
we believe the answers about the

1030
00:38:18,710 --> 00:38:16,560
exchange of carbon the sources and sinks

1031
00:38:20,950 --> 00:38:18,720
will be better the more data we use in

1032
00:38:22,470 --> 00:38:20,960
this analysis ours and everybody else's

1033
00:38:24,870 --> 00:38:22,480
together so

1034
00:38:27,109 --> 00:38:24,880
there's one little um other benefit of

1035
00:38:28,310 --> 00:38:27,119
the collaborations so as america was

1036
00:38:31,109 --> 00:38:28,320
saying it's

1037
00:38:33,030 --> 00:38:31,119
this is very much a data limited problem

1038
00:38:34,150 --> 00:38:33,040
in understanding what's happening at the

1039
00:38:35,910 --> 00:38:34,160
surface

1040
00:38:36,790 --> 00:38:35,920
and extending the record is important

1041
00:38:38,470 --> 00:38:36,800
but

1042
00:38:40,550 --> 00:38:38,480
to repeat this is a very tricky

1043
00:38:42,390 --> 00:38:40,560
measurement and

1044
00:38:45,030 --> 00:38:42,400
we can learn an awful lot from each

1045
00:38:47,510 --> 00:38:45,040
other in understanding

1046
00:38:49,750 --> 00:38:47,520
what it means to actually provide a

1047
00:38:51,990 --> 00:38:49,760
measurement that's at 0.25 percent one

1048
00:38:54,470 --> 00:38:52,000
part in 400 there's a lot of lessons

1049
00:38:55,750 --> 00:38:54,480
learned from the gosat experience that

1050
00:38:57,670 --> 00:38:55,760
we've shared in the international

1051
00:38:59,910 --> 00:38:57,680
community and there's a lot more to be

1052
00:39:01,829 --> 00:38:59,920
learned with oco 2 and then with our

1053
00:39:03,670 --> 00:39:01,839
international partners it's not a

1054
00:39:05,510 --> 00:39:03,680
problem simply solved in california let

1055
00:39:07,430 --> 00:39:05,520
me say

1056
00:39:08,790 --> 00:39:07,440
okay thank you another question from the

1057
00:39:10,630 --> 00:39:08,800
audience here dan

1058
00:39:12,230 --> 00:39:10,640
dan vagano at national geographic again

1059
00:39:14,230 --> 00:39:12,240
i just i wonder if you could speak a

1060
00:39:16,150 --> 00:39:14,240
little make sure i understand are there

1061
00:39:18,230 --> 00:39:16,160
limitations in the sort of looking down

1062
00:39:19,750 --> 00:39:18,240
to the atmospheric column approach i

1063
00:39:20,870 --> 00:39:19,760
mean is all the action happening at the

1064
00:39:22,150 --> 00:39:20,880
surface that you're seeing are you going

1065
00:39:23,270 --> 00:39:22,160
to be able to say something about what's

1066
00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:23,280
going on at different levels in the

1067
00:39:27,349 --> 00:39:24,800
atmosphere well

1068
00:39:30,069 --> 00:39:27,359
that's a very good question um carbon

1069
00:39:32,150 --> 00:39:30,079
dioxide once it's in the atmosphere is

1070
00:39:35,109 --> 00:39:32,160
very very stable there are very few loss

1071
00:39:37,109 --> 00:39:35,119
processes if any until it reaches very

1072
00:39:39,430 --> 00:39:37,119
high altitudes in the atmosphere

1073
00:39:42,470 --> 00:39:39,440
all the action as it were

1074
00:39:43,910 --> 00:39:42,480
is the collision of a carbon dioxide

1075
00:39:45,349 --> 00:39:43,920
model with the surface so it's either

1076
00:39:47,510 --> 00:39:45,359
absorbed by a plant

1077
00:39:50,150 --> 00:39:47,520
and taken up in photosynthesis or is

1078
00:39:52,310 --> 00:39:50,160
absorbed by the ocean and

1079
00:39:55,190 --> 00:39:52,320
dissolved into the water

1080
00:39:57,190 --> 00:39:55,200
so you the real challenge of making a

1081
00:39:59,109 --> 00:39:57,200
measurement is to get that information

1082
00:40:00,790 --> 00:39:59,119
nearest the surface

1083
00:40:03,270 --> 00:40:00,800
when you look at the keeling curve or

1084
00:40:05,910 --> 00:40:03,280
any measurement taken

1085
00:40:07,589 --> 00:40:05,920
in the middle of los angeles you can see

1086
00:40:09,670 --> 00:40:07,599
the influence of all those surface

1087
00:40:12,390 --> 00:40:09,680
processes whether it's emission or its

1088
00:40:15,109 --> 00:40:12,400
absorption of the carbon dioxide we need

1089
00:40:16,710 --> 00:40:15,119
to do that globally so that's why we

1090
00:40:19,349 --> 00:40:16,720
we're trying we've developed a satellite

1091
00:40:21,109 --> 00:40:19,359
approach which particularly probes the

1092
00:40:23,270 --> 00:40:21,119
atmosphere nearest the surface by using

1093
00:40:25,430 --> 00:40:23,280
reflected sunlight so that's where most

1094
00:40:27,190 --> 00:40:25,440
of the air is so that's where most of

1095
00:40:28,630 --> 00:40:27,200
the information in the observation we're

1096
00:40:30,069 --> 00:40:28,640
making comes from

1097
00:40:31,829 --> 00:40:30,079
it does have

1098
00:40:32,790 --> 00:40:31,839
it is influenced by what's happening up

1099
00:40:35,030 --> 00:40:32,800
above

1100
00:40:36,790 --> 00:40:35,040
but that's more about atmospheric

1101
00:40:38,390 --> 00:40:36,800
transport processes and

1102
00:40:39,750 --> 00:40:38,400
which way the wind's blowing

1103
00:40:41,349 --> 00:40:39,760
what we really want to know is what's

1104
00:40:42,150 --> 00:40:41,359
happening in the exchange at the surface

1105
00:40:44,390 --> 00:40:42,160
so

1106
00:40:47,030 --> 00:40:44,400
um fortunately there's less air above

1107
00:40:48,870 --> 00:40:47,040
the surface and that that signal is is

1108
00:40:52,390 --> 00:40:48,880
much smaller in the uh and the influence

1109
00:40:56,150 --> 00:40:54,550
okay thank you uh let's see do we have

1110
00:40:59,589 --> 00:40:56,160
some additional questions from social

1111
00:41:05,349 --> 00:41:02,630
indeed this question comes from twitter

1112
00:41:07,430 --> 00:41:05,359
user patrick butler how long will it be

1113
00:41:09,430 --> 00:41:07,440
before you have good data to work with

1114
00:41:13,750 --> 00:41:09,440
for plant and water absorption as

1115
00:41:16,550 --> 00:41:15,109
could you say that again

1116
00:41:18,790 --> 00:41:16,560
sure this comes from twitter user

1117
00:41:21,270 --> 00:41:18,800
patrick butler asking how long will it

1118
00:41:23,589 --> 00:41:21,280
be before you will have good data to

1119
00:41:26,950 --> 00:41:23,599
work with for plant and water absorption

1120
00:41:27,750 --> 00:41:26,960
as opposed to release in the atmosphere

1121
00:41:30,790 --> 00:41:27,760
so

1122
00:41:32,390 --> 00:41:30,800
if you understand a really good question

1123
00:41:33,910 --> 00:41:32,400
some of these

1124
00:41:35,030 --> 00:41:33,920
are measurement approach as ralph

1125
00:41:37,430 --> 00:41:35,040
mentioned

1126
00:41:40,630 --> 00:41:37,440
is to take what we call a repeat cycle

1127
00:41:42,550 --> 00:41:40,640
every 16 days so we'll we'll come back

1128
00:41:44,550 --> 00:41:42,560
to the same point in the earth every 16

1129
00:41:47,510 --> 00:41:44,560
days or two or three weeks

1130
00:41:50,309 --> 00:41:47,520
um that really kind of gives you an idea

1131
00:41:52,470 --> 00:41:50,319
of the kind of information content that

1132
00:41:55,670 --> 00:41:52,480
we can recover from these observations

1133
00:41:57,589 --> 00:41:55,680
it's temporarily resolved at roughly

1134
00:41:59,270 --> 00:41:57,599
two or three weeks to a month

1135
00:42:04,230 --> 00:41:59,280
so

1136
00:42:06,470 --> 00:42:04,240
variations and and changes over the year

1137
00:42:08,470 --> 00:42:06,480
so you have to really have good data

1138
00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:08,480
that extends over several months before

1139
00:42:11,910 --> 00:42:10,480
you can really inform

1140
00:42:13,270 --> 00:42:11,920
yourself about what's happening at the

1141
00:42:15,430 --> 00:42:13,280
surface so

1142
00:42:17,670 --> 00:42:15,440
both from an emission point of view or

1143
00:42:19,430 --> 00:42:17,680
from an absorption of the carbon dioxide

1144
00:42:21,270 --> 00:42:19,440
at the surface it's going to take us

1145
00:42:22,710 --> 00:42:21,280
quite a few months of good data before

1146
00:42:24,230 --> 00:42:22,720
you can actually speak to what's

1147
00:42:26,550 --> 00:42:24,240
happened

1148
00:42:29,030 --> 00:42:26,560
at the surface itself i just want to

1149
00:42:31,190 --> 00:42:29,040
throw in one other comment on that topic

1150
00:42:32,630 --> 00:42:31,200
even to date folks have published some

1151
00:42:35,109 --> 00:42:32,640
interesting results where they use the

1152
00:42:36,710 --> 00:42:35,119
carbon dioxide information the solar

1153
00:42:38,950 --> 00:42:36,720
induced fluorescence that mike has

1154
00:42:40,710 --> 00:42:38,960
mentioned and then other measures of

1155
00:42:41,990 --> 00:42:40,720
water availability and the science

1156
00:42:44,150 --> 00:42:42,000
community is already learning how to

1157
00:42:46,790 --> 00:42:44,160
combine those three variables to

1158
00:42:48,309 --> 00:42:46,800
understand the plant related processes

1159
00:42:49,990 --> 00:42:48,319
and how that interacts with carbon

1160
00:42:52,150 --> 00:42:50,000
dioxide so i think there's already been

1161
00:42:54,390 --> 00:42:52,160
pioneering work and our data set can

1162
00:42:56,710 --> 00:42:54,400
probably be used in continued analysis

1163
00:42:58,630 --> 00:42:56,720
on that theme

1164
00:43:01,670 --> 00:42:58,640
wonderful this next question comes from

1165
00:43:03,510 --> 00:43:01,680
twitter user dd here asking are federal

1166
00:43:06,309 --> 00:43:03,520
agencies or ngos engaged with the

1167
00:43:09,910 --> 00:43:06,319
science team to use the co2 data set for

1168
00:43:13,109 --> 00:43:09,920
verifying carbon source reporting

1169
00:43:14,230 --> 00:43:13,119
so we've had um we had our first

1170
00:43:15,910 --> 00:43:14,240
workshop

1171
00:43:17,750 --> 00:43:15,920
earlier this year

1172
00:43:20,230 --> 00:43:17,760
nearby in maryland

1173
00:43:21,589 --> 00:43:20,240
which started to engage

1174
00:43:24,710 --> 00:43:21,599
those kinds of

1175
00:43:27,430 --> 00:43:24,720
folks in what particular use this kind

1176
00:43:28,470 --> 00:43:27,440
of observation and measurement could be

1177
00:43:30,150 --> 00:43:28,480
we still are very much of the

1178
00:43:33,190 --> 00:43:30,160
exploratory stage at the moment and i

1179
00:43:35,349 --> 00:43:33,200
think a lot of

1180
00:43:37,270 --> 00:43:35,359
further progress hinges on when we can

1181
00:43:40,309 --> 00:43:37,280
make good data available and see what

1182
00:43:42,710 --> 00:43:40,319
those folks can make of it

1183
00:43:44,309 --> 00:43:42,720
okay one more question from social media

1184
00:43:47,349 --> 00:43:44,319
wonderful this comes from twitter user

1185
00:43:49,510 --> 00:43:47,359
daniel here asking do we know the ratio

1186
00:43:51,349 --> 00:43:49,520
per year of the amount of co2 being

1187
00:43:52,829 --> 00:43:51,359
added and the amount being removed to

1188
00:43:56,069 --> 00:43:52,839
give us that

1189
00:43:57,190 --> 00:43:56,079
ratio very good question

1190
00:43:59,829 --> 00:43:57,200
of the

1191
00:44:01,670 --> 00:43:59,839
roughly 40

1192
00:44:03,190 --> 00:44:01,680
billion tons of carbon dioxide that's

1193
00:44:05,270 --> 00:44:03,200
put in the atmosphere

1194
00:44:06,790 --> 00:44:05,280
roughly half is taken out

1195
00:44:09,190 --> 00:44:06,800
that's one of the

1196
00:44:11,270 --> 00:44:09,200
more robust numbers over the past number

1197
00:44:13,270 --> 00:44:11,280
of decades so it's a two to one kind of

1198
00:44:14,870 --> 00:44:13,280
ratio at the moment but whether that's

1199
00:44:16,710 --> 00:44:14,880
sustained in the future is one of the

1200
00:44:18,710 --> 00:44:16,720
things we hope to start being able to

1201
00:44:20,230 --> 00:44:18,720
probe and address and there's and

1202
00:44:22,069 --> 00:44:20,240
there's actually a science community

1203
00:44:24,150 --> 00:44:22,079
that every year publishes an update on

1204
00:44:26,309 --> 00:44:24,160
the global carbon budget and they

1205
00:44:28,870 --> 00:44:26,319
actually provide a year by year estimate

1206
00:44:30,150 --> 00:44:28,880
so we have the 50 on average and folks

1207
00:44:31,829 --> 00:44:30,160
have looked into what it is in

1208
00:44:34,069 --> 00:44:31,839
particular each year or the best

1209
00:44:36,390 --> 00:44:34,079
estimates the best estimates although

1210
00:44:39,430 --> 00:44:36,400
the why is still not answered so we have

1211
00:44:43,109 --> 00:44:41,109
okay and i think we have one additional

1212
00:44:46,230 --> 00:44:43,119
question on the phone bridge if that's

1213
00:44:49,670 --> 00:44:48,870
maybe we lost that question

1214
00:44:51,750 --> 00:44:49,680
okay

1215
00:44:53,990 --> 00:44:51,760
well i think that ends the questions for

1216
00:44:56,790 --> 00:44:54,000
today and thank you for watching uh

1217
00:44:59,829 --> 00:44:56,800
please uh stay online for more

1218
00:45:02,630 --> 00:44:59,839
information about oco2 uh leading up to

1219
00:45:04,230 --> 00:45:02,640
launch as has been said july 1st we have

1220
00:45:09,349 --> 00:45:04,240
a website that we can get a lot more

1221
00:45:14,710 --> 00:45:12,870
oco2 and oco2 is the second of five

1222
00:45:16,950 --> 00:45:14,720
earth science launches this year it's a

1223
00:45:20,230 --> 00:45:16,960
very busy year for nasa we also have

1224
00:45:22,470 --> 00:45:20,240
quite a few exciting airborne and field

1225
00:45:23,910 --> 00:45:22,480
campaigns coming up as well there's a

1226
00:45:27,069 --> 00:45:23,920
website where you can keep up with all

1227
00:45:30,790 --> 00:45:27,079
that activity and that is

1228
00:45:32,309 --> 00:45:30,800
www.nasa.gov slash earthrightnow and of

1229
00:45:34,790 --> 00:45:32,319
course you can follow along on all the

1230
00:45:36,630 --> 00:45:34,800
different nasa social media channels as

1231
00:45:38,550 --> 00:45:36,640
well to keep up with all this all these

1232
00:45:39,750 --> 00:45:38,560
missions uh it's exciting year for earth

1233
00:45:41,670 --> 00:45:39,760
science